Role of nuclear medicine in liver transplantation. Radiolabeled annexin V imaging: diagnosis of allograft rejection in an experimental rodent model of liver transplantation. Arterial abnormalities following orthotopic liver transplantation: arteriographic findings and correlation with Doppler sonographic findings. Urinary detection of lung cancer in mice via noninvasive pulmonary protease profiling. Engineered immune cells as highly sensitive cancer diagnostics. Activity-based diagnostics: an emerging paradigm for disease detection and monitoring. Mass-encoded synthetic biomarkers for multiplexed urinary monitoring of disease. Molecular MRI enables early and sensitive detection of brain metastases. Limits of tumor detectability in nuclear medicine and PET. Antibody targeting in metastatic colon cancer: a phase I study of monoclonal antibody F19 against a cell-surface protein of reactive tumor stromal fibroblasts. Pathology and biopsy diagnosis of the transplanted liver. Interpretation of biopsy findings in the transplant liver. Organ transplantation-how much of the promise has been realized? Nat. Apolipoprotein A-II suppressed concanavalin A-induced hepatitis via the inhibition of CD4 T cell function. A T cell-dependent experimental liver injury in mice inducible by concanavalin A. Regulatory immune cells in transplantation. The challenge of early detection in cancer. Near-infrared fluorescent macromolecular reporters for real-time imaging and urinalysis of cancer immunotherapy. Improved quenched fluorescent probe for imaging of cysteine cathepsin activity. Glutathione-mediated biotransformation in the liver modulates nanoparticle transport. Renal clearable catalytic gold nanoclusters for in vivo disease monitoring. Ultrasensitive tumour-penetrating nanosensors of protease activity. In situ conversion of porphyrin microbubbles to nanoparticles for multimodality imaging. Nanoparticle regrowth enhances photoacoustic signals of semiconducting macromolecular probe for in vivo imaging. Furin-mediated intracellular self-assembly of olsalazine nanoparticles for enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and tumour therapy. Bioorthogonal cyclization-mediated in situ self-assembly of small-molecule probes for imaging caspase activity in vivo. Imaging enzyme-triggered self-assembly of small molecules inside live cells. Intracellular self-assembly of cyclic d-luciferin nanoparticles for persistent bioluminescence imaging of fatty acid amide hydrolase. A transistor-like pH nanoprobe for tumour detection and image-guided surgery. In vivo assembly of nanoparticle components to improve targeted cancer imaging. Near-infrared fluorophores for biomedical imaging. Glomerular barrier behaves as an atomically precise bandpass filter in a sub-nanometre regime. Clearance pathways and tumor targeting of imaging nanoparticles. Mechanism of hard-nanomaterial clearance by the liver. Transport and interactions of nanoparticles in the kidneys. The risks of nanomaterial risk assessment. Nanoplasmonic quantification of tumour-derived extracellular vesicles in plasma microsamples for diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Dramatic enhancement of the detection limits of bioassays via ultrafast deposition of polydopamine. Combining Qdot nanotechnology and DNA nanotechnology for sensitive single‐cell imaging. Molecular afterglow imaging with bright, biodegradable polymer nanoparticles. Porphysome nanovesicles generated by porphyrin bilayers for use as multimodal biophotonic contrast agents. Towards clinically translatable in vivo nanodiagnostics. We anticipate that our modular nanosensor platform may be applied for early diagnosis of a range of diseases via a simple urine test. In rodent models, activatable polyfluorophore nanosensors enable ultrasensitive detection of tumours (1.6 mm diameter) and early diagnosis of acute liver allograft rejection. This disease-specific interaction liberates renal-clearable fluorogenic fragments from activatable polyfluorophore nanosensors for non-invasive longitudinal urinalysis and outperforms the gold standard blood and urine assays, providing a level of sensitivity and specificity comparable to those of invasive biopsy and flow cytometry analysis. Activatable polyfluorophore nanosensors can accumulate at the disease site and react with disease-associated proteases to undergo in situ enzyme-catalysed depolymerization. To address these limitations, we develop activatable polyfluorophore nanosensors with biomarker-triggered nanoparticle-to-molecule pharmacokinetic conversion and near-infrared fluorogenic turn-on response. Optical nanoparticles are promising diagnostic tools however, their shallow optical imaging depth and slow clearance from the body have impeded their use for in vivo disease detection.
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